RESUMO
BACKGROUND@#Particulate matter (PM), a major component of ambient air pollution, accounts for a substantial burden of diseases and fatality worldwide. Maternal exposure to PM during pregnancy is particularly harmful to children's health since this is a phase of rapid human growth and development.@*METHOD@#In this review, we synthesize the scientific evidence on adverse health outcomes in children following prenatal exposure to the smallest toxic components, fine (PM@*RESULTS@#Maternal exposure to fine and ultrafine PM directly and indirectly yields numerous adverse birth outcomes and impacts on children's respiratory systems, immune status, brain development, and cardiometabolic health. The biological mechanisms underlying adverse effects include direct placental translocation of ultrafine particles, placental and systemic maternal oxidative stress and inflammation elicited by both fine and ultrafine PM, epigenetic changes, and potential endocrine effects that influence long-term health.@*CONCLUSION@#Policies to reduce maternal exposure and health consequences in children should be a high priority. PM
Assuntos
Adulto , Animais , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Gravidez , Adulto Jovem , Poluentes Atmosféricos/efeitos adversos , Poluição do Ar/prevenção & controle , Doenças Cardiovasculares/induzido quimicamente , Saúde da Criança , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Doenças do Sistema Endócrino/induzido quimicamente , Epigenômica , Doenças do Sistema Imunitário/induzido quimicamente , Exposição Materna/efeitos adversos , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso/induzido quimicamente , Estresse Oxidativo , Tamanho da Partícula , Material Particulado/efeitos adversos , Placenta , Resultado da Gravidez/epidemiologia , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/epidemiologia , Doenças Respiratórias/induzido quimicamenteRESUMO
We described two cases of treatment-experienced HIV-infected patients who presented with cytomegalovirus uveitis and Cryptococcus neoformans adenitis as a manifestation of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) during salvage treatment. Little is known about IRIS in highly experienced patients, and this report suggests that IRIS should be considered in this setting if there is a favorable response to salvage therapy